Network Address Translation (NAT)
NAT, also referred to as IP address
masquerading, performs the translation of an IP address that is used within one
network (internal network) to a different IP address known within another
network (outside world). NAT technology is typically used to hide the IP
addresses in an internal network (using RFC 1918 private addressing). The
masquerading technique can be seen as a form of security hiding the real
identity of the network.
-
Undoing translation for returning traffic.
Firewall Stateful inspection
tracks all connections traversing through the Security Appliance by maintaining
a translation table and using this table to verify the destination of an inbound
packet that matches the source of a previous outbound request.
NAT Control
The firewall has always been a device
supporting and even requiring NAT for maximum flexibility and security. NAT
control is available as a capability in the new software release on the Security
Appliance.
NAT control dictates the firewall if
the address translation rules are required for outside communications and
ensures that the address translation behavior is the same as versions earlier
than 7.0.
The NAT control feature works as follows:
-
When NAT control is disabled, and the firewall forwards all packets from a higher-security (such as Inside) interface to a lower-security (such as Outside) interface without the configuration of a NAT rule. Traffic from a lower-security interface to a higher-security interface only requires that it be permitted in the access lists, and no NAT rule is required in this mode.
-
When NAT control is enabled, this dictates the requirement of using NAT. (The NAT rule is compulsory in this case.) When NAT control is enabled, it is also required that packets initiated from a higher security-level interface (such as Inside) to a lower security-level interface (such as Outside) must match a NAT rule (nat command with a corresponding global, or a static command), or else processing for the packet stops. Traffic from a lower-security interface to a higher-security interface also requires a NAT and is permitted in the access lists to be forwarded through the firewall.
The default configuration is the
specification of the no nat-control command (NAT control disabled mode). With version 7.0
and later, this behavior can be changed as required.
hostname(config)# nat-control
Note
When the nat-control is enabled, each Inside address must have a corresponding
Inside NAT rule. Similarly, if an Outside dynamic NAT is enabled on an
interface, each Outside address must have a corresponding Outside NAT rule
before communication is allowed through the Security Appliance.
By default, NAT control is disabled (no nat-control command). The no nat-control command
allows Inside hosts to communicate with outside networks without the need to
configure a NAT rule. In essence, with NAT control disabled, the Security
Appliance does not perform an address translation function to any packets. To
disable NAT control globally, use the no
nat-control command in global configuration mode:
hostname(config)# no nat-control
The difference between the no
nat-control command and the nat 0 (identity NAT) command is that identity NAT requires
that traffic be initiated from the higher-level interface. The no nat-control command does
not have this requirement, nor does it require a static command to allow
communication from the lower-level interface (from Outside to Inside); it relies
only on access-policies—for example, permitting the traffic in ACL and having
corresponding route entries.
To summarize, traffic traversing from a
More Secure to a Less Secure interface
-
Is designated as outbound traffic.
-
-
- nat, nat 0, global, static
-
-
Outside to Inside connections.
-
Inbound permission is required.
-
One or more of the following commands are required:
-
- nat 0 with ACL, static and inbound access-list on the ingress interface.
-
NAT Types
Several types of NAT are available.
The Security Appliance can be configured to perform any of the following
types:
-
Dynamic NAT
-
Dynamic Port Address Translation (PAT)
-
Static NAT
-
Static PAT
Dynamic NAT
Dynamic NAT translates a group of real
(private) addresses to public IP addresses drawn from a pool of registered
(public) addresses that are routable on the destination network. When a host
initiates a connection to a particular destination, the Security Appliance
translates the host source address to the corresponding NAT rule from the mapped
pool. The translation is maintained and is valid for the duration of the
connection and cleared when the session is terminated. If the same host
initiates another connection, there is no guarantee it will acquire the same
address from the mapped pool. Addresses from the pool are handed out on a
first-come, first-served basis. Therefore, because the translated address
varies, the destination-side user cannot initiate inbound connections when
dynamic NAT is used. Dynamic NAT and PAT are used for unidirectional
communication only. Figure 6-10 shows how
dynamic NAT works.
Figure 6-10. Dynamic NAT
Dynamic PAT
Dynamic PAT translates a group of real
(private) addresses that are mapped to a single mapped IP address by using a
combination of a mapped IP address and a source port number to create a unique
session. Hence, the same IP address is used for all packets with a different
source port for each session. The Security Appliance translates the source
address and source port (Layer 3 and Layer 4 combination) to the mapped address
and a unique port above 1024.
Each connection entails a
separate translation because the source port differs for each connection. The
translation is maintained and remains valid for the duration of the connection.
The translation is cleared when the session is terminated. The port translation
also expires after 30 seconds of inactivity. (This timeout is not configurable.)
PAT lets you use a single mapped address, thus conserving routable addresses.
The interface IP address of the Security Appliance can also be used as the PAT
address. Similar to Dynamic NAT, the destination-side user cannot initiate an
inbound connection when using dynamic PAT. Figure 6-11 shows how dynamic PAT works.
Figure 6-11. Dynamic PAT
Note
Dynamic NAT and PAT can be enabled
concurrently. The Security Appliance first uses all the addresses from the
global address pool. When no addresses are available in the global pool, it
applies the PAT translation, as shown in Figure 6-12.
Figure 6-12. Dynamic NAT and PAT
Configure Dynamic NAT and PAT
|
Step 1.
|
Identify the real (private) addresses on a given interface
that requires translation by using the nat
command.
|
|
Step 2.
|
Configure a corresponding global command to specify the mapped addresses pool
for the egress interface. (In the case of PAT, this is one
address.)
|
Each nat command matches a
global command by
matching the corresponding NAT ID, a number that is assigned in each command.
NAT ID ties the nat and the global commands together. Refer back to Figure 6-10 and Figure 6-11 for demonstration examples.
When using multiple interfaces, the NAT ID
can be used to tie multiple NAT rules together. For example, NAT ID 1 can be
used to configure nat for
Inside and DMZ interfaces. The same ID 1 can then be used to configure the global command on the
outside interface. Traffic from the inside interface and the DMZ interface share
a mapped pool or a PAT address when exiting the outside interface. Example 6-14 illustrates this scenario.
Example 6-14. Configuring the Same NAT ID for the Inside and DMZ Interface
hostname(config)# nat (inside) 1 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 hostname(config)# nat (dmz) 1 10.2.2.0 255.255.255.0 hostname(config)# global (outside) 1 209.165.201.3-209.165.201.10 |
The NAT ID can also be used to
reference multiple global commands for exiting interfaces. For example, NAT ID 1
can be used for the global command on Outside and DMZ interfaces, and the same ID can
be used for the Inside nat command to identify the traffic to be translated when
going to both Outside and DMZ interfaces. Similarly, NAT ID 1 can be used on the
DMZ interface, and the global command on the outside interface is also used for DMZ
traffic.
Example 6-15. Configuring the Same NAT ID for Multiple Global Commands
hostname(config)# nat (inside) 1 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 hostname(config)# nat (dmz) 1 10.2.2.0 255.255.255.0 hostname(config)# global (outside) 1 209.165.201.1-209.165.201.253 hostname(config)# global (outside) 1 209.165.201.254 hostname(config)# global (dmz) 1 10.2.2.254 |
Static NAT
Static NAT creates a fixed
translation (one-to-one) of real (private) addresses to mapped (public)
addresses. A persistent translation rule exists (mapped address is the same) for
each consecutive connection with static NAT. Because the mapped address is
always the same, it allows the destination-side network to initiate traffic to a
translated host. The static command is used to permanently associate a host
address (or entire subnet) on a higher security-level interface with a host
address on a lower-security level interface. Static NAT and PAT can be used for
bidirectional communication. Figure 6-13
shows an example.
Figure 6-13. Static NAT
There are several ways to
configure address translation. The following examples illustrate a few
scenarios.
Example
6-16 shows how to configure static NAT (persistent
translation) for an Inside IP address (10.1.1.1) to an Outside IP address
(209.165.200.1).
Example 6-16. Configuring Inside NAT (1-to-1) Static Translation
hostname(config)# static (inside,outside) 209.165.200.1 10.1.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.255 |
Example 6-17 shows how to configure an Outside NAT (persistent translation)
using a static map for the Outside address (209.165.201.15) to an Inside address
(10.1.1.6).
Example 6-17. Configuring Outside NAT (1-to-1) Static Translation
hostname(config)# static (outside,inside) 10.1.1.6 209.165.201.15 netmask 255.255.255.255 |
Example 6-18 shows how to configure a static map (persistent
translation) for an entire subnet (1-to-1, host-to-host) with a 24-bit subnet
mask.
Example 6-18. Configuring Static NAT (1-to-1) for the Entire Subnet
hostname(config)# static (inside,outside) 209.165.201.0 10.1.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 |
Static Port Address Translation (PAT)
Static PAT is similar to static NAT, with
the exception that it allows for specifying the Layer 4 (TCP or UDP) port
information for the real and mapped addresses.
This feature is useful for providing
a single address for global users to access TFTP, HTTP, and Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol (SMTP) services where the services are actually available on different
servers on the local network. Define multiple static PAT statements for each
server that uses the same mapped (public) IP address with ports mapped to
different real IP addresses:
real_ip_A / public_ip_A / TFTP
real_ip_B / public_ip_A / HTTP
real_ip_C / public_ip_A / SMTP
Figure 6-14 shows how to configure static PAT statements for multiple
services mapped to the same public IP address.
Figure 6-14. Static PAT
Bypassing NAT When NAT Control Is Enabled
As discussed
earlier, when NAT control is enabled, each connection initiated requires a
corresponding NAT rule. One of the following three methods can be used to bypass
address translation for specific hosts or networks when NAT control is
enabled:
-
Identity NAT
-
NAT Exemption
Identity NAT (nat 0 Command)
Identity NAT is similar to Dynamic NAT,
but it translates the real IP address to the same mapped IP address so that no
need exists for a mapped global pool. Only "translated" hosts can create NAT
translations, and return traffic is allowed back. Identity NAT can be used only
for unidirectional communication. Even though the mapped address is the same as
the real address, a connection cannot be initiated from the Outside to the
Inside.
Figure 6-15 shows how to configure
Identity NAT. The NAT engine will not perform address translation for the inside
hosts on the 209.165.201.0/27 network, and the source address remains the same
when it exits. This method can also be used when the internal network uses a
public routable address and does not require address translation.
Figure 6-15. Identity NAT
Static Identity NAT (static Command)
Static identity NAT is similar to
static NAT, but it creates a fixed translation (1-to-1) of real addresses while
keeping the same mapped addresses. Static identity NAT can be used for
bidirectional communication.
Figure 6-16 shows how to configure Static Identity NAT. The NAT engine
will not perform address translation for the inside hosts on the 10.1.1.0/24
network, and the source address remains the same when it exits. Outside users
can initiate an inbound connection to this address as long as the address is
routable on the destination side network.
Figure 6-16. Static Identity NAT
Example 6-19 shows how to configure Outside Static Identity NAT. The
NAT engine will not perform address translation for the Outside host
209.165.201.15 when accessed from Inside.
Example 6-19. Configuring Outside Static Identity NAT
|
Code View:
hostname(config)# static (outside,inside) 209.165.201.15 209.165.201.15 netmask 255.255.255.255 |
NAT Exemption (nat 0 with ACL)
NAT Exemption (nat 0
access-list) is similar to Identity NAT.
The main differentiator is that NAT Exemption allows bidirectional
communication. NAT Exemption allows both translated and remote hosts to initiate
connections.
Figure 6-17 shows how to configure NAT Exemption. The NAT engine will
not perform address translation for the inside hosts in 209.165.201.0/27
network, and they will remain the same because they exit out to another
interface. Users on the Outside network (destination-side) are also able to
initiate connection to a host in the 209.165.201.0/27 network.
Figure 6-17. NAT Exemption
Policy NAT
Policy NAT is
similar to static NAT. However, it allows for defining a conditional criterion
to check the source address and the destination address to determine address
translation. With this feature, a source address translation can vary, subject
to a different destination. For example:
Host A communicating to Server B --> translate to
Public_IP_B
Policy NAT allows identification
of local traffic for address translation by specifying the combination of source
and destination addresses (or ports) by using an access list. Regular NAT uses
source addresses/ports only, whereas policy NAT uses both source and a
combination of destination addresses/ports to identify the real address for
translation.
Figure 6-18 shows how to configure Policy NAT Exemption by using
the nat/global
command. The source and destination address pair is checked, and address
translation is performed accordingly. In this example, when internal hosts in
network 10.1.1.0/24 initiate a connection to any host in network 172.16.1.0/24,
the source address will be translated to 209.165.202.1-10.
Figure 6-18. Policy NAT
When the same internal hosts in the
network 10.1.1.0/24 initiate a connection to any host in network 192.168.1.0/24,
the source address will be translated to 209.165.202.130-140 instead. Traffic
flow is unidirectional when using the nat/global command, and bidirectional when using the
static command.
Order of NAT Processing
NAT Control
The firewall has always been a device
supporting and even requiring NAT for maximum flexibility and security. NAT
control is available as a capability in the new software release on the Security
Appliance.
NAT control dictates the firewall if
the address translation rules are required for outside communications and
ensures that the address translation behavior is the same as versions earlier
than 7.0.
The NAT control feature works as follows:
-
When NAT control is disabled, and the firewall forwards all packets from a higher-security (such as Inside) interface to a lower-security (such as Outside) interface without the configuration of a NAT rule. Traffic from a lower-security interface to a higher-security interface only requires that it be permitted in the access lists, and no NAT rule is required in this mode.
-
When NAT control is enabled, this dictates the requirement of using NAT. (The NAT rule is compulsory in this case.) When NAT control is enabled, it is also required that packets initiated from a higher security-level interface (such as Inside) to a lower security-level interface (such as Outside) must match a NAT rule (nat command with a corresponding global, or a static command), or else processing for the packet stops. Traffic from a lower-security interface to a higher-security interface also requires a NAT and is permitted in the access lists to be forwarded through the firewall.Example NO NAT with NAT control enable:static (Higher security-level IF, Lower security-level IF) 10.10.10.1 10.10.10.1 netmask 255.255.255.255
The default configuration is the
specification of the no nat-control command (NAT control disabled mode). With version 7.0
and later, this behavior can be changed as required.
hostname(config)# nat-control
Note
When the nat-control is enabled, each Inside address must have a corresponding
Inside NAT rule. Similarly, if an Outside dynamic NAT is enabled on an
interface, each Outside address must have a corresponding Outside NAT rule
before communication is allowed through the Security Appliance.
By default, NAT control is disabled (no nat-control command). The no nat-control command
allows Inside hosts to communicate with outside networks without the need to
configure a NAT rule. In essence, with NAT control disabled, the Security
Appliance does not perform an address translation function to any packets. To
disable NAT control globally, use the no
nat-control command in global configuration mode:
hostname(config)# no nat-control
The difference between the no
nat-control command and the nat 0 (identity NAT) command is that identity NAT requires
that traffic be initiated from the higher-level interface. The no nat-control command does
not have this requirement, nor does it require a static command to allow
communication from the lower-level interface (from Outside to Inside); it relies
only on access-policies—for example, permitting the traffic in ACL and having
corresponding route entries.
To summarize, traffic traversing from a
More Secure to a Less Secure interface
-
Is designated as outbound traffic.
-
-
- nat, nat 0, global, static
-
-
Outside to Inside connections.
-
Inbound permission is required.
-
One or more of the following commands are required:
-
- nat 0 with ACL, static and inbound access-list on the ingress interface.
-
VPNs show commands
S3-2513-2#show crypto map
Crypto Map "ToOtherRouter" 10 ipsec-isakmp
Peer = 192.168.1.1
Extended IP access list 101
access-list 101 permit ip
source: addr = 192.168.45.0/0.0.0.255
dest: addr = 192.168.3.0/0.0.0.255
Connection Id = UNSET (0 established, 0 failed)
Current peer: 192.168.1.1
Session key lifetime: 4608000 kilobytes/3600 seconds
PFS (Y/N): N
Transform proposals={ Elvis, Bubba, BarneyDino, }
Windows 7 Keyboard Shortcuts
Look at 6 7 8 for dual monitor!!!!
1. Ctrl+Shift+N to Create a New Folder
2. Ctrl+Shift+Click to Open a Program As Administrator
3. Shift+Right-Click Enhances Send to Menu
4. Shift+Right-Click on a Folder to Open Command Prompt
5. Win+Space to Quickly Show Desktop
6. Win+Up/Down/Left/Right for Moving the Active Window
7. For Dual Monitors: Win+Shift+Left Arrow Key to Move Active Window to Left Monitor
8. For Dual Monitors: Win+Shift+Right Arrow Key to Move Active Window to Right Monitor
9. Win+T to Get to Taskbar Items
10. Shift+Click on a Taskbar App to Open a New Instance of the App
11. Win+B to Move Focus to the System Tray
12. Win+P for Quickly Connecting Your Laptop to a Projector
14. Win+Pause helps you check System Properties
15. Ctrl+Shift+Esc Can Quickly Open Windows Task Manager
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